MODUL NINE EACLS

MODULE NINE
CLAUSE COMBINATION


CLAUSE COMBINING
1.1    THE CLAUSE COMPLEX

Three possible types of sentence are usually distinguished:
The simple sentence consist basically of one independent clause, as in Reni brings the book . The independent clause is the unit we can consider primary , in that it comp arises minimal grammatical completeness and unity.
The compound sentence consist basically of two dependent clauses , linked in a relationship of co ordinations , as in Reni bring the book and Tono brings  the dictionary.
The complex sentence consists basically of one independent clause and one dependent clause, linked in a relationship of dependency, as in Rani brings the book while Tono bring the dictionary.

Coordination and subordinations of clauses do not necessarily occur unrelated ,each in combinations with a main clauses , as illustrated the compound and complex sentence above.
The exam seems difficult (1) but we have to do it carefully (2) because it is important if we want to get a great score(4).
(SAR,1986)
    This clause(4)”if  we want to get a great score “ could alternatively be placed after “and” but not at the beginning of the whole complex sentence.

1.2    THE SENTENCE AS AN ORTOGRAPHIC AND RETORICAL UNIT.

For most native speakers of English , a sentence is something that’s start with capital letter and ends with a full stop (AmE “Period”) , a question mark or an exclamation mark.

1.2.1    CLAUSAL AND NON CLAUSAL MATERIAL

We won this competition.            Which is amazing
(free standing subordinate clause)
I have finish my assignment !        Wonderful!
(Adjective-headed exclamation)
Have you known my apartment?        Oh those, yes, yes.
(SAR,1986)
1.3    DEGREES OF DEPENDENCY BETWEEN CLAUSES
Dependency is not an absolute property ,but rather a question of  degree . It has been suggested that the degree of dependency between two clauses reflects the degree of integrations.
The tightest integration is that of embedding by which one clause function as a constituent or another clauses.

Where is my watch? ( clause embedded as subject)
He said he had not get much time .( clause embedded at Od)
He wanted to know whether she had seen it ! (clause embedded at Cs )

TYPES OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CLAUSES.
1.1    SYNTATIC RELATIONSHIP OF EQUIVALENCE
Coordination and Apposition

    There are two kinds of relationship between unit of equal status and often of similar form ,as ini 3 , semantically the contents of the two clauses to be seen as relevant to each other in the same way.

he saw the robber running away but (it is) far from him.(3)
(SAR,1986)
the linking relationship is made explicit by the coordinating conjunctions and ,or ,and but .
        it is beautiful you wear t-shirt and (when) blues
(SAR,1986)
        Syntactic and Pragmatic factors frequently intervene to make reversibility impossible . Three such factors are:
if the second clause contains and item which refers anaphoric ally to an antecedent in the first clause ,as does them in I below
if the second clause contains an item which makes it cohesive with the first, as does a result in example 2.
If the order of the clauses is of pragmatic significance, as shown by 3 and 4 , which suggest different pragmatic interpretations.

I have bring some examples picture and I think you will like them.
There was no one absent t5oday ,there fore, the desk full.
(Look Ahead Book 3)

1.3    SYNTATIC RELATIONSHIPOF NON-EQUIVALENCE
Dependency and Subordination

    Syntactically and semantically ,the dependency relationship is most clearly signaled by subordinating conjunctions (“subordinators”)such as because ,although ,if ,as.

1.4    THE SEMANTIC OF CLAUSE COMBINING : Types of expansion

in clause combining by elaboration , one clause expands another by elaborating on it the greater detail by clarifying it, in another words.

Elaboration
Tom keep quiet, he said nothing ( coordination and apposition)
Tom kept quiet, which was unusual (dependency)

I    in the following clause combining  by extension , one clause expands another by adding something new-giving an alternative or an exception. as in bellow

Extension
Tom keep quiet , but Ed spoke out ( coordination or apposition)
Tom keep quiet , whereas Ed spoke out ( dependency )

    In the following sections we pay particular attention to the semantic features which result from the combinations of those two system , and the connectives which reinforce them, as in bellow

Enhancement
Tom was afraid , and so he kept quiet ( coordination or apposition)
Tom kept quiet , because he was afraid.

ELABORATING THE MESSAGE
3.1    APPOSITION AND ELABORATION IN FINITE CLAUSES

Appositive clauses stand in syntactic relation of equivalence but have no formal link. In writing the symmetry of this type of clause relationship if reflected in punction by the use of semi-con or dash .

It’s like snorkeling in Balikambang beach : it’s clean and amazing
She had been studying very hard – I knew how hard.
Yeni has to make up a better excuse : no-one will believe that.
(SAR,1986)
The secondary clause commonly “elaborates” the meaning of the primary clause by “exemplying” it (1) or “clarifying” it-as a whole, or in part (2 ), causal relayionship, such a reason (3) , can also be inferred.

1.1.1    CLARIFYING CONNECTIVES , RESTATING, EXEMPLIYING AND UPGRADING
Restating
The second clause restores the content of the first  another point of view , often it more specific. Connectives include in other words, or rather, that is (to say) specifically , namely , as follows, and i.e.

    The cake was delicious, in other words, it sweet.
(LookAhead Book 3)


Exemplifying
The second clause develops the content of the first by mean of an example – Typical connectivity are for example and instance.

    There are a lot of flowers in her park –for examples roses , Cambodia,etc.
(Look Ahead Book 3)
Upgrading
The second clause clarifies, the meaning of the first by presenting a stronger argument for the point made. Which in this case my contrary or expectations.

1.2     SENTENCE RELATIVE CLAUSES

Sentitial relative clauses are becoming versatile in English. It is how quite common to find them functioning as freestanding , subordinate clauses after a pause. They may be uttered by the same speaker or added by the addressee as a collaborative response, usually of a evaluate rapture .

He use a short jean and a colorful dress to the Halloween party
Which is embarrassment.
(SAR,1986)
1.3     NON-FINITE SUPLEMENTATIVE CLAUSES: specifying and commenting

The non-finite participial supplementative clauses: specifying and commenting the non-finite participial forms-ing and –en are used as supplement to elaborate another clause by specifying or giving an explanatory comment on its.

MODUL FIFTEEN (EACLS)

MODUL FIFTEEN

THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE

1. PREPOSITION AND THE PPOSITIONAL PHRASE (PP)

1. INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE

In a prepositional phrase (PP), the relation between the preposition and the nominal unit that follows it does not center on a head. A part of PP if there is no preposition . Both are equally necessary to from the phrase; both have equal grammatical status . For this reason we refer to the unit consisting of a preposition, its complement and an optional modifier as a 'prepositional phrase'(PP).

Here is the sentences which illustrates the abundant use of prepositional phrases in English

• She works from morning to night
• He makes a living by teaching
• Shalley was shot by jackson with a pistol.
  (SAR,1986)

2. FEATURES OF THE PREPORITIONAL PHRASE
   The meaning of preposition are either lexical and 'free', or grammaticised and 'bound'. Grammaticised uses of prepositions are those which are controlled by a verb, adjective or noun , as happens in obsessed with,talk to us, kind to animals, cases of cruelly.

What's it belong to? ('what' function as complement of belong to)

• Which words do you refer to? (to which words do you refer to)

( Look Ahead Book 3)

3. ONE-WORD, TWO-WORD AND MULTI-WORD PREPOSITIONS
   Preposition may be ' simple' (consisting of a single word) or 'complex' (consisting of two words there)

• One-word prepositions
  The short, simple forms are by far commonest,such as:

about,across,after,around,as,at,by,down,for,from,etc.

Other one-word preposition include:

above,against,beneath,besides,below,during,inside,throughout,considering,etc.

• Two-word prepositions
  These consist of a prepositions (e.g.except), an adjective,an adverb,or a conjunction, followed by one of the prepositions for,form,of,to,with:

• for : as for, except for, but for.
• From: apart from, away from, as from
• of: ahead of, because of, inclusive
• to: according to, because of, etc.
• with: together with, along with.
. Three-word prepositions

These usual have the form prep+noun+prep(e.g. In conflict with), with the noun sometimes being determined by the( e.g. In the hands of).

As far as, as well as, by means of, by way of, in aid of, in charge of, in view of, in return for, in exchange for, in spite of,etc.

• Adjectival and adverbial groups
  Nouns, pronouns and Ngs are by far the most common realisation of the prepositional complement. By contrast, the use of AdjGs and AdvGs as complements in infrequent and limited to certain set expressions such as at last , for good, for ever, as in:
  At last he die!
  I love him for ever , he is great person
  (Look Ahead Book 3)
• Wh-clauses
  The only type of finite clause admissible is the wh-clause, and the only non-finite type the-ing clause.
• Use of -ing clauses
  Most of other prepositions likewise take the-ing form , as this is the most nominal among clauses:
  He went to Bali for spending his holiday.
  She finally found the way, by following the guiders.
  (SAR,1986)

5. REALITIONS OF THE MODIFIER ELEMENT
   Like nouns,adjectives,and adverbs , prepositions can also be modified. As already the modifier tends to modify the propositions, thought, as we have mentioned, it sometimes appears to modify the relationship expressed the prepositions + complement , foe instance, in the case of directional modifiers.

• Grading modifiers- more,less, for more, much less, the most, the least , in the least.

Ane has checked out from the hospital , she seemed more fresh like whats she looks like before

(Look Ahead Books 3)a

• Intensifying modifiers- completely, directly, right,well,all,absolutely,greatly.

John talks directly to Ane

(Look Ahead Book 3)

• Directional modifiers- up,out,down,over.
  She climb fast up to the hill
  (SAR,1986)
• Attenuating modifiers- partly, scarcely, not fully, to some extant, slightly,a little.

I feel a little bit confuse with my choice

(Look Ahead Book 3)

• Quantifying modifiers- a long time, not that much, miles, two hours, way back.
  John walks miles away to his house
  (Look Ahead Book 3)
• Descriptive or attitudinal modifiers- surprisingly, hopelessly, dangerously.
  It was unexpectedly situation
  (SAR,1986)

2. SYNTATIC FUCTION OF THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE

1. THE GRAMMATICAL ROLE OF PREPOSITIONS
   The grammatical role of prepositions is to express a variety of syntactic and semantic relationships between nominal entities and

• other nominals(the bridge over the river)
• verbs(he run into the room)
• clauses(support for raising the subscription)
• adjectives ( angry at his refusal)
• adverbs ( up to the top)

2. SYNTATIC FUNCTIONS OF PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
   Pps can realise up to fourteen syntactic functions as constituent of groups, of clauses or outside clauses. They share the functions with other classes of unit and are therefore mentioned again in the sections below.

1. Pps embedded as elements of groups

• (post-)modifier in NG The student over the class, sit on the ground
• complement in NG Mr. Tama is a teacher of economic subject.
• (Pre-)modifier in NG Off-the road comment should not be printed in a newspaper
• complement in Adjg Sam ias good at mathematic
• complement in AdvG They don't stand far from their desk
• complement in PP I'm free all day except saturday

An important feature of Pps is to be embedded recursively in other Pps in groups

• A bus accident ( on the bus way(to Batu)
• As connective adjuncts
  In that case, you have to be wise.

3. CLASES OF WORDS WITH THE SAME FROM AS PREPOSITIONS

1. Prepositions and verbs
   The following participial forms can functions either as prepositions or as verbs: barring, considering, excluding,following,etc.
2. Prepositions and conjunctions
   Prepositions may be followed by finite wh-clauses and by non-finite clause in -ing ,since these have nominal reference.

3. Prepositions and adverbs
   Both prepositions and adverbs express, typically, circumstantial meanings, especially those of space and time. It is not surprising, therefore, that some words can realisefunctions of both classes.
   Here are some structural criteria for distinguishing prepositions from adverb:

• A preposition- but not and adverb-requires a nominal complement, and when this is a pronoun, the preposition govern its case (for him, to them)
• In paired examples such as We went into the cafe
• the adverb is heavily stressed, whereas the prepositions is normally unstressed .

In the following examples , both the adverb and the PP are functioning as Adjuncts or locative complements

There always two man aboard (adverb) the bus

All student were running around(adverb) the hall

The last time I met Rani was in last week, but I haven't seen her since(adverb) then.

(SAR,1986)

3. SEMANTIC FEATURES OF THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE

1. TWO TYPES OF PREPOSITIONAL MEANINGS
   Prepositional meanings can be divided into two broad types

• those in which the choice of prepositions is determined by the verb, noun or adjective preceding it, and
• those in which a preposition is chosen freely in accordance with thd speaker's intentions.

We noticed that nouns which take propositional complement, as in following examples

• nouns: compatibility with, reliance on, damaged to, etc.
• adjs: compatible with, opposed to, etc.
• verbs: to rely on, to dispose of, etc.

2. LEXICAL PREPOSITIONAL MEANINGS

BALADA DUA SISI ( SWARA)

Anak kecil di seberang jalan wajah kusut dengan kaki telanjang
Dia berlari mengejar mimpi..
mimpi...
Sementara diseberang lainya anak kecil berseragam sekolah dia berlari mengejar mimpi ..
Mimpi....
Tapi bukan mimpi ini suatu ceritra pastitentang dua sisi generasi penerus negeri
Mereka hanya saling memandang sebab tak cukup langkah kedepan jalan ,
Mereka sedang berebut bayang,
membayang di kegelapan hari...

TAK LAGI DEKAT

Mengenal seseorang yang tiba - tiba peduli dengan kita sungguh menyenangkan,bisa berbagi pengalaman,curhat ,dll.Tapi,saat  suatu hari mereka mulai menjauh muncul hati yang mudah tersinggung ,yang mudah berburuk sangka dan bertanya tanya."Apakah ada kata - kata yang tak cocok dihatimu? " selalu itu yang ada dipikiranku.Memang terkadang aku suka berbobohong untuk menjaga perasaanmu ,tapi tak tau bila akan berakhir seperti ini.Kini kau tak lagi meninggalkan komentar di statusku atau hanya sekedar menyapa lewat obrolan (chat) kau pun enggan melakukanya. Mungkin aku telah membuat kesalahan besar ,mungkin ada kata - kata yang menyinggun hatimu .Jika engkau tau ,akulah orang yang sangat peka dengan hal itu.

English Above Clause Structure

Saya kangen Bu Dekan ..
Kami sangat ingin ibu mengisi materi dkelas bu ,tapi kami tau ibu banyak tugas sebagai seorang dekan bu..
Kami sama sekali tak paham dengan materinya bu......

Semoga minggu depan ibu bisa hadir...

Sekilas Tentang Pak Dosen

Suatu hari di pagi yang cerah sebagai awal perjalanan hidupku dibangku kuliah,aku temui sosok bapak2 yang menyambut kami dengan senyum khas pipi lesungnya dengan sedikit perkenalan dirinya.Waktu itu aku tak begitu serius mendengar ceriytanya  ,dalam benakku ia hanya sesosok dosen yang mungkin saja membosankan(kesan pertama).Setelah hampir menginjak pertengahan hari  sesosok teman dari madura yang waktu itu belum ku kenal atau ku hapal namanya bertanya;"Sir would you like to tell us about your experiences?" ,dengan pengucapan bahasa inggrisnya yang sedikit lebay .Bapak itu pun kemudian bercerita tentang perjalananya diluar negeri dan berbagai prestasi yang ia sandang,banyak ia ceritakan perjalanan studinya diluar negeri . Seketika itu  aku mulai tercengang ,entah bagaimana perasaan teman - teman lainya, dalam hati aku berkata "Betapa hebatnya Beliau??",karna belum pernah kutemu  seseorang dengan pengalaman semenarik itu.

Hari itu perkenalan singkat saja,sesampai dirumah sekedar iseng- iseng kutulis namanya di kolom searching google ,ku ketikan YUSRI FAJAR ,tak sampai sedetik aku menunggu muncul berbagai postinagan pihak - pihak lain tentang dirinya,.SubhanAllah ! ,tak berhenti aku ucapkan seketika melihat cerita tentang dirinya .

Brawijaya Mengajar

so surprised today !!
finally,I could joined in "Brawija Mengajar" ,now I become a Tentor Brawijaya  .I hope I can survive there and become a good teacher for them.
" I called it as my first opportunity and I'll get the another chance "
keep fighting for me !