MODUL NINE EACLS

MODULE NINE
CLAUSE COMBINATION


CLAUSE COMBINING
1.1    THE CLAUSE COMPLEX

Three possible types of sentence are usually distinguished:
The simple sentence consist basically of one independent clause, as in Reni brings the book . The independent clause is the unit we can consider primary , in that it comp arises minimal grammatical completeness and unity.
The compound sentence consist basically of two dependent clauses , linked in a relationship of co ordinations , as in Reni bring the book and Tono brings  the dictionary.
The complex sentence consists basically of one independent clause and one dependent clause, linked in a relationship of dependency, as in Rani brings the book while Tono bring the dictionary.

Coordination and subordinations of clauses do not necessarily occur unrelated ,each in combinations with a main clauses , as illustrated the compound and complex sentence above.
The exam seems difficult (1) but we have to do it carefully (2) because it is important if we want to get a great score(4).
(SAR,1986)
    This clause(4)”if  we want to get a great score “ could alternatively be placed after “and” but not at the beginning of the whole complex sentence.

1.2    THE SENTENCE AS AN ORTOGRAPHIC AND RETORICAL UNIT.

For most native speakers of English , a sentence is something that’s start with capital letter and ends with a full stop (AmE “Period”) , a question mark or an exclamation mark.

1.2.1    CLAUSAL AND NON CLAUSAL MATERIAL

We won this competition.            Which is amazing
(free standing subordinate clause)
I have finish my assignment !        Wonderful!
(Adjective-headed exclamation)
Have you known my apartment?        Oh those, yes, yes.
(SAR,1986)
1.3    DEGREES OF DEPENDENCY BETWEEN CLAUSES
Dependency is not an absolute property ,but rather a question of  degree . It has been suggested that the degree of dependency between two clauses reflects the degree of integrations.
The tightest integration is that of embedding by which one clause function as a constituent or another clauses.

Where is my watch? ( clause embedded as subject)
He said he had not get much time .( clause embedded at Od)
He wanted to know whether she had seen it ! (clause embedded at Cs )

TYPES OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CLAUSES.
1.1    SYNTATIC RELATIONSHIP OF EQUIVALENCE
Coordination and Apposition

    There are two kinds of relationship between unit of equal status and often of similar form ,as ini 3 , semantically the contents of the two clauses to be seen as relevant to each other in the same way.

he saw the robber running away but (it is) far from him.(3)
(SAR,1986)
the linking relationship is made explicit by the coordinating conjunctions and ,or ,and but .
        it is beautiful you wear t-shirt and (when) blues
(SAR,1986)
        Syntactic and Pragmatic factors frequently intervene to make reversibility impossible . Three such factors are:
if the second clause contains and item which refers anaphoric ally to an antecedent in the first clause ,as does them in I below
if the second clause contains an item which makes it cohesive with the first, as does a result in example 2.
If the order of the clauses is of pragmatic significance, as shown by 3 and 4 , which suggest different pragmatic interpretations.

I have bring some examples picture and I think you will like them.
There was no one absent t5oday ,there fore, the desk full.
(Look Ahead Book 3)

1.3    SYNTATIC RELATIONSHIPOF NON-EQUIVALENCE
Dependency and Subordination

    Syntactically and semantically ,the dependency relationship is most clearly signaled by subordinating conjunctions (“subordinators”)such as because ,although ,if ,as.

1.4    THE SEMANTIC OF CLAUSE COMBINING : Types of expansion

in clause combining by elaboration , one clause expands another by elaborating on it the greater detail by clarifying it, in another words.

Elaboration
Tom keep quiet, he said nothing ( coordination and apposition)
Tom kept quiet, which was unusual (dependency)

I    in the following clause combining  by extension , one clause expands another by adding something new-giving an alternative or an exception. as in bellow

Extension
Tom keep quiet , but Ed spoke out ( coordination or apposition)
Tom keep quiet , whereas Ed spoke out ( dependency )

    In the following sections we pay particular attention to the semantic features which result from the combinations of those two system , and the connectives which reinforce them, as in bellow

Enhancement
Tom was afraid , and so he kept quiet ( coordination or apposition)
Tom kept quiet , because he was afraid.

ELABORATING THE MESSAGE
3.1    APPOSITION AND ELABORATION IN FINITE CLAUSES

Appositive clauses stand in syntactic relation of equivalence but have no formal link. In writing the symmetry of this type of clause relationship if reflected in punction by the use of semi-con or dash .

It’s like snorkeling in Balikambang beach : it’s clean and amazing
She had been studying very hard – I knew how hard.
Yeni has to make up a better excuse : no-one will believe that.
(SAR,1986)
The secondary clause commonly “elaborates” the meaning of the primary clause by “exemplying” it (1) or “clarifying” it-as a whole, or in part (2 ), causal relayionship, such a reason (3) , can also be inferred.

1.1.1    CLARIFYING CONNECTIVES , RESTATING, EXEMPLIYING AND UPGRADING
Restating
The second clause restores the content of the first  another point of view , often it more specific. Connectives include in other words, or rather, that is (to say) specifically , namely , as follows, and i.e.

    The cake was delicious, in other words, it sweet.
(LookAhead Book 3)


Exemplifying
The second clause develops the content of the first by mean of an example – Typical connectivity are for example and instance.

    There are a lot of flowers in her park –for examples roses , Cambodia,etc.
(Look Ahead Book 3)
Upgrading
The second clause clarifies, the meaning of the first by presenting a stronger argument for the point made. Which in this case my contrary or expectations.

1.2     SENTENCE RELATIVE CLAUSES

Sentitial relative clauses are becoming versatile in English. It is how quite common to find them functioning as freestanding , subordinate clauses after a pause. They may be uttered by the same speaker or added by the addressee as a collaborative response, usually of a evaluate rapture .

He use a short jean and a colorful dress to the Halloween party
Which is embarrassment.
(SAR,1986)
1.3     NON-FINITE SUPLEMENTATIVE CLAUSES: specifying and commenting

The non-finite participial supplementative clauses: specifying and commenting the non-finite participial forms-ing and –en are used as supplement to elaborate another clause by specifying or giving an explanatory comment on its.